Food safety revisited.

The destiny of nations depends on how they nourish themselves. Two papers in this issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases focus on food safety from 2 different angles. First, in an elegant work from Finnish investigators [1], the culprit behind an epidemic caused by Yer-sinia pseudotuberculosis was uncovered: grated carrots. The same serotype and pulsed-fiel gel electrophoresis (PFGE) type of Y. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from patients and from the farm where the carrots were grown and processed. The epidemic, which involved an estimated 558 patients, had its root in 1 kitchen preparing food for some 7400 individuals, mostly children in day-care centers or schools. The grated carrots were used in a raw salad without further processing. This first-tim isolation of Y. pseudotuber-culosis from a contaminated food ingredient resulted from a rapid and relevant reaction from health authorities, as well as sound epidemiological and microbiolog-ical work, for which the authors are to be congratulated. Although there have been few published reports on this subject, it is not the firs time that Y. pseudotuberculosis has caused epidemics: they have been reported from Russia [2], Japan [3, 4], Canada [5], and even previously in Finland [6]. Several food ingredients have been incriminated—for example, carrots [3], lettuce [2], other vegetables [3], and even pickled products [4]. Y. pseudotuberculosis has also been isolated from water and meat products [4]. The bacterium has been found in a range of and others [7–13]. In these animals, the organism can be cultured from tonsils, tongues, and all larger organs, as well as from the gut [11]. The animal reservoir probably explains how carrot plants can be contaminated on the ground or at any stage of storage if the carrots are not secluded from contact with animals or their feces. Another mode of contamination could be by handling of the products by personnel having contact with animals. With such common occurrence in animals and foods, one wonders why so relatively few cases or epidemics are reported. Is it possible that the organism is overlooked in feces cultures in routine laboratories? The second article on the issue of food safety revisits the problem of the selection of antibiotic resistance in enterococci by the use of antibiotic growth promoters. In a comprehensive study, the investigators from Minnesota isolated Enterococcus fae-cium from poultry meat and feces from both healthy vegetarians and hospital patients [14]. The isolates were investigated for resistance to …